LLB · Semester 4 · Paper K-4003
Chaudhary Charan Singh University
Environmental Law
Read on phone, tablet or laptop
“Environ & Pollution”, the complete chapter, exactly as it appears in the full notes.
| Source Type | Key Activities | Major Consequences |
|---|---|---|
| Industrial | Factory chimneys, toxic effluent discharge, SO₂/NOₓ emissions, hazardous sludge | COPD, acid rain, heavy metal poisoning, soil sterilisation, loss of biodiversity |
| Agricultural | Pesticides, fertilizer run-off, stubble burning, algal blooms | Eutrophication, food chain contamination, air crises |
| Domestic | Municipal solid waste, sewage discharge, biomass fuel burning | Waterborne diseases, cholera, respiratory illness |
| Transport | Vehicle exhaust (CO, lead, hydrocarbons), tyre microplastics | Smog, cardiovascular disease, global warming |
| Basis | Air Pollution | Water Pollution |
|---|---|---|
| Governing Act | Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 | Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 |
| Medium | Atmospheric / gaseous medium | Liquid medium — rivers, streams, wells, oceans |
| Primary Sources | Vehicle exhaust, chimneys, stubble burning | Industrial effluents, domestic sewage, agricultural run-off |
| Human Impact | Respiratory/cardiovascular/pulmonary diseases | Gastrointestinal disorders, cholera, heavy metal poisoning |
| Transboundary | Highly volatile; moves across states via wind | Moves downstream along specific river basins |
| Control Method | Filters, scrubbers, CNG conversion, emission norms | ETP (Effluent Treatment Plants), STP (Sewage Treatment Plants) |
Chapter by chapter, mapped to the LLB Semester 4 syllabus.
About the Environmental Law paper and these notes.
The notes cover environment, pollution and ancient Indian philosophy; constitutional provisions, CrPC and IPC remedies and PIL; core principles of environmental law; the Environment (Protection) Act 1986, Air Act 1981, Water Act 1974 and forest laws; and the National Green Tribunal.
The notes explain how the Supreme Court read the right to a pollution-free environment into Article 21, with cases such as Subhash Kumar and Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996).
Under the polluter pays principle, the polluter is liable to compensate victims and to restore the environment. The notes explain how it was adopted as part of Indian law in the Vellore Citizens case and the Bichhri case, and compare it with the precautionary principle.
The public trust doctrine treats natural resources as held by the State in trust for the public. The notes discuss its application in M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997), where a resort was built on the banks of the Beas river in Kullu-Manali.
Sec 133 CrPC allows a Magistrate to issue a conditional order to remove an unlawful public nuisance. The notes discuss Ratlam Municipal Council v. Vardhichand (1980), where residents suffered from open sewage, and compare Sec 133 with PIL.
Topics marked sure-shot in the notes include Article 21 and environmental rights, the polluter pays and precautionary principles, NGT composition and jurisdiction (Sec 14, 15 and 16), the consent mechanism under Sec 25 and 26 of the Water Act, and Sec 133 CrPC with the Ratlam case.
Still have a question? Ask us
